Can The Present System Be Defended Example For Free - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1916 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Narrative essay Did you like this example? Whether or not the current financial system is preferred to gold standard or whether or not gold standard is a solution for financial crisis is actually subjective. Before going into detail discussion on this, we must first examine the factors of financial crisis and later see whether these factors are related or dependent on the current financial system, and to what degree it affects the financial crisis. Financial crisis for each country are distinct but among the main common case are cause is banking crisis, in which it is a crisis that affect the bank activity include bank runs which affect one bank and bank panics that affects many bank, why does this crisis occur? This occurs when all the depositors claim for cash withdrawal when there are sudden decline in confidence fear that the bank will be closed or go bankrupt, i.e. many depositors withdraw cash almost simultaneously. Since the cash reserve a bank keeps on hand is only a small fraction of its deposi ts, a large number of withdrawals in a short period of time can deplete available cash and force the bank to close and possibly go out of business. Bank creates money when they made loans by giving borrower paper money that was not fully backed by gold reserve and that seems to be the problem. Asset-liability mismatch is also one of the causes for bank crisis. Mismatch between the two occur in a situation which the risks associated with an institutions debts and assets are not appropriately aligned. For example, commercial banks offer deposit accounts which can be withdrawn at any time and they use the proceeds to make long-term loans to businesses and homeowners. The mismatch between the banks short-term liabilities (its deposits) and its long-term assets (its loans) is seen as one of the reasonsÂÂ  bank runs occur. The second factor for financial crisis is uncontrollable exchange rate fluctuations. Most currencies in the world are free to fluctuate against each other . However, in financial crisis, fluctuates of the exchange rate cant be predict or control. Financial crises that are often associated with significant movements in exchange rates, reflect both increasing risk aversion and changes in the perceived risk of investing in certain currenciy. The reason they fluctuate is simply the change in supply and demand. If a currency is in demand and more than the available supply the price is driven up and it becomes more valuable. If on the other hand the supply is greater than the demand the price is driven down and the currency becomes less valuable. If exchange rate does not fluctuates, or pegged based on the gold standard, government declares that it will exchange its currency for a certain weight in gold. In a pure gold standard, a countrys government declares that it will freely exchange currency for actual gold at the designated exchange rate. This rule of exchange allows anyone to go the central bank and exchange coins or currency for wi th pure gold or vice versa. The gold standard works on the assumption that there are no restrictions on capital movements or export of gold by private citizens across countries. Therefore with gold standard, the world price level depends to the world supply of gold, thus preventing inflation unless and any other economic or financial crisis. The fluctuation of exchange rate is mostly due to unstable currency or threat that the currency could become unstable. There will be no economic or financial crisis with a stable currency. Gold standard or based provides this function which is stability. Long term price stability has been described as a great virtue of gold standard. Under gold standard, high level of inflation is rare, and hyperinflation is nearly impossible as the money supply can only grow at the rate of gold supply increases. There a few monetary crises and problems emerged, due to an unstable currency, for instance, during the 1890s, the U.S. financial system was chro nically unsettled by various threats to devalue the dollar by about 50% through the free coinage of silver, as the Democratic Party demanded. There was a Panic in 1873, which happened while the dollar was a floating currency, before it was re-linked to gold in 1879. The Panic of 1819 came about in the aftermath of a floating dollar during the 1812-1818 periods, which was the result of the War of 1812 with the British. It can be seen that the main cause of it to happen is because the current financial system or paper money used is not backed with gold standard. Absence of gold based money therefore lead to several major problems such as bank crisis, unpredictable fluctuation of exchange rate and so on. Of course, there are also non-monetary factor such as asymmetric information, failure of risk management system complexity and etc but the main factor of financial crisis related to those two factors are more prevalent and thus become and evident that the purpose of a gold standard system is to produce stable money. Though financial crisis may be seen as temporary or short term phenomenon, but in this era globalization it seems like it can be a permanent at one point in time. If financial crisis were to leave to market as a solution, it again rise the problem of government control of the paper money which is not backed. If it were to leave to market for solution government will control the printing of money supply by increasing or decreasing the money supply. Government can also use fiscal policy, lower or rising the interest rate. It is easier to charge interest with paper money than with gold and silver If we are using gold standard, government wouldnt have to charge interest on it and at the first place there will no financial crisis problem. Some had claimed that gold standard actually worsen the financial crisis. This is based on the ground that gold standard actually prevent the financial flexibility. Their point is its a good thing that government can print money when economic is under depression because it can stimulate the economy, but there wouldnt be any depression nor inflation if the currency is stable or if the economy is based on gold currency, such problem of inflation or depression would less likely to occur? Those who claim gold standard cannot be used may not the system because they view it as rigid constraint. They therefore cannot blame or accused gold standard for saying it worsens the economy. Because it actually dont, the problem lies when government give out loans and they borrower end up fail to pay the amount money borrowed, this can be link to the basic principle of spending beyond one means, which can also be applied to government excessive spending, they therefore blamed the gold standard for limiting the printing money activity, this is as if one blame their credit limit for not being able to spend more when they actually should blame their misconduct of excessive spending . It can therefore said, the current financial system cannot be defended fully, this is because fiat money can and is created in arbitrary amounts, and is made available on a favorable basis to the government and commercial banks. Fiat money does not have any substantial backing, is that it relies on the government to maintain its value. Also, it is susceptible to inflation that gold backed money would not. Because value of paper money is not in the money, your more likely to spend it carelessly, as compared to if it was gold and silver. This lead to spending more than one means, when one spend more that its limit, this cause them fail to pay what they borrow which consequently lead to bank insolvency, which is one the factor of financial crisis. Another benefit of gold supply is that it with a gold standard, the money supply naturally tends to grows at a rate to help keep prices stable. For example, if gold became overvalued, then gold miners would have incentive to increase production thus increasing the supply which would reduce the valuation of gold. Similarly, if gold became undervalued, then miners would have incentive to cut back production which would tend to put pressure on the valuation of gold. Therefore, this ensures the stability of the currency. As mentioned above, that current financial system cannot be defended fully means, it may allow some forms of current financial system to be used but since it came with some disadvantages or harm on it as well, perhaps some form of mixture of the two system should be used. In addition to that , not all things about gold standard is always good, like many other things it may not be perfect, but what we can do is take the good things from gold standard, and mixed it the currently used financial system which is fiat money. It is undeniable that fiat money has some advantage over the gold itself otherwise, gold standard would have been continuously used until now, there must be some disadvantages on it. One of the advantages of fi at money over gold is that first, s the paper money is not backed by anything or in other words, no inherent asset value means not convey a title to bearer of that money, while gold is backed by its value. Since fiat money is only a note representing government liability and combining it with good fractional reserve banking, fiat money can be flexible, and therefore, what must be kept for reserve is only a fraction of it. This gives benefit to the bank and government to keep a full reserve without actually having or keeping the full amount of fiat money on hand. A second advantage of fiat money is, government have the advantages of manipulating not only the fiat money but also the interest rate. Since government can control the supply of money, government can pretty much control everything else like controlling the demand; this allows government to manage the economy through the policy (fiscal and monetary policy) instead of just leaving it to self-regulate through market forces. The more control the government has over the market, the more government can control the public and this may not be possible under gold standard system. In addition to that, gold provides a disadvantage which is public indebtedness means there are some restriction on the amount of public and private debt that can be accumulated, especially if the reserve requires 100%. It means here there is actually a limitation of credit expansion under the gold system and as we all know utilization of public debt is crucial in a society as people need to borrow, invest and speed up the economic expxansion, but again this may not be realized under the gold system. Governmemnt therefore need not to establish a full-fledged gold standard-one that the government must be prevented from breaching, but government should combine the two sytem.This is something we have never had. The absence of a good sytem has made it possible for the government to create periodic financial crises and depressions throughout our history. Abolishing controls and moving to this new system will not only help get us out of the current crisis but help prevent future crises as well. The problem of financial crisis therefore cannot be left for market to find the solution, but government must adapt and depend on gold standard to stablize the currrency, which in turn will prevent any economic or financial crisis that may occur. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Can The Present System Be Defended Example For Free" essay for you Create order

Essay Software and Hardware Companies Oracle NZ Ltd

Oracle NZ Ltd The company specializes in developing and marketing computer hardware systems and enterprise software products – particularly its own brands of database management systems. The company also builds tools for database development and systems of middle-tier software, enterprise resource planning (ERP) software, customer relationship management (CRM) software and supply chain management (SCM) software. Oracle is the largest business software and hardware company in the world, with more than 3lakh customers and supports these customers in more than 145 countries. Oracle is the unchallenged leader in Financial Services, with an integrated, best in class, end - to - end solution of intelligent software and powerful hardware†¦show more content†¦Liability: Oracle Financial Services Asset Liability Management (ALM) helps in financial services institutions measures and monitor in interest rate risk, liquidity risk, and foreign currency risk. This solution measures and models every type of loan, deposit, investment, and portfolio’s individually, using deterministic method. Oracle Financial Services ALM is a next-generation solution fully integrated with services and linked with oracle’s financial services analytical applications and shares. Overview: †¢ Provides robust technology and highly scalable analytical risk engines. †¢ Includes good customer relationship level of data model. †¢ Offers you full integration with Oracle Business Intelligence. †¢ Integrates risks, performance management,Show MoreRelatedReport Progressive Hospital Case Study3479 Words   |  14 PagesSwitches, including models 4000, 4500, 5000 and 5500. (Appendix B) Servers are Compaq Proliant, running Windows operating system, or Sun Servers running UNIX. The UNIX machines are used for specific applications, usually involving an Oracle database. Management and maintenance of the Sun Servers is outsourced to EDS (New Zealand office of an international IT consultancy). Each site has a secure server room, which requires card and pin code for access. Inside the roomRead MoreExploring Corporate Strategy - Case164366 Words   |  658 Pagessocial responsibility in the international development of a German company. Eurotunnel – clash of cultures threatens to derail Anglo–French rail link. Ryanair – competitive challenge and strategic choice in the budget airline industry. IKEA – quality and low prices at the Swedish furniture giant News Corporation – corporate logic and corporate management in a worldwide media business. CRH – impressive international growth of an Irish company driven from a ‘lean’ corporate centre. Numico – difficultiesRead MoreMerger and Acquisition: Current Issues115629 Words   |  463 PagesDesigns and Patents Act 1988. First published 2007 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS and 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10010 Compa nies and representatives throughout the world PALGRAVE MACMILLAN is the global academic imprint of the Palgrave Macmillan division of St. Martin’s Press, LLC and of Palgrave Macmillan Ltd. Macmillan ® is a registered trademark in the United States, United Kingdom and other countries. Palgrave is a registered trademark in the European Union and

Electrical gadget Free Essays

Want to make your computer experience a little†¦ Bulgier? For sure you want to watch your favorite movie in a big screen because it easy to watch, and give you a lot of satisfaction. II. When I want to decide to watch TV using computer a few years ago, I really have no idea how to connect the cable. We will write a custom essay sample on Electrical gadget or any similar topic only for you Order Now Then, at that time my friend shows me easy steps on how to do it. Ill. I have learned about the steps during that time and I did additional research for this speech. IV. Today I will inform you three main steps f how to using television as a computer monitor which are consist consideration about condition of TV and computer, connections between them and changing computer settings. (Transitions: Let’s start by looking for what are the considerations) Body l. The first step Is to take considerations about the condition of television and computer In order to get the best result after changing it. A. Keep the television at the right height for computer use 1. It is best to keep the television at a height where your eye level is roughly % of the way up the screen, much like with a monitor. B. Make sure your television has good resolution 1. When your computer sends the image to the television, it’s going to be designed for a much smaller screen. 2. Even with a high resolution TV, some text may appear blurry. 3. With a lower resolution television, you may have a very difficult time reading text C. Find your computers output options 1. Look at the back of your computer and identify the output options. 2. These are sometimes labeled, but they may be easier to identify by looking at images of the outputs online D. Find your television’s input options. How to cite Electrical gadget, Papers

The Stranger2 Essay Example For Students

The Stranger2 Essay The Stranger In The Stranger, Albert Camus portrays Meursault, the books narrator and main character, as aloof, detached, and unemotional. He is the idealistic existentialist. He does not think much about events or their consequences, nor does he express much feeling in relationships or during emotional times. He displays an impassiveness throughout the book in his reactions to the people and events described in the book. After his mothers death he sheds no tears; seems to show no emotions. He displays limited feelings for his girlfriend, Marie Cardona, and shows no remorse at all for killing an Arab. His reactions to life and to people distances him from his emotions, positive or negative, and from intimate relationships with others, thus he is called by the books title, the stranger. While this behavior can be seen as a negative trait, there is a young woman who seems to want to have a relationship with Meursault and a neighbor who wants friendship. He seems content to be indifferent, possibly protected from pain by his indifference. Meursault rarely shows any feeling when in situations which would, for most people, elicit strong emotions. Throughout the vigil, watching over his mothers dead body, and at her funeral, he never cries. He is, further, depicted enjoying a cup of coffee with milk during the vigil, and having a smoke with a caretaker at the nursing home in which his mother died. The following day, after his mothers funeral, he goes to the beach and meets a former colleague named Marie Cardona. They swim, go to a movie, and then spend the night together. Later in their relationship, Marie asks Meursault if he wants to marry her. He responds that it doesnt matter to him, and if she wants to get married, he would agree. She then asks him if he loves her. To that question he responds that he probably doesnt, and explains that marriage really isnt such a serious thing and doesnt require love. This reaction is fairly typical of Meursault as portrayed in the book. He appears to be casual and indifferent about life events. Nothing seems to be very significant to him. Later on in the book, after he kills an Arab, not once does he show any remorse or guilt for what he did. Did he really feel nothing? Camus seems to indicate that Meursault is almost oblivious and totally unruffled and untouched by events and people around him. He is unwilling to lie, during his trial, about killing the Arab. His reluctance to get involved in defending himself results in a verdict of death by guillotine. Had Meursault been engaged in his defense, explaining his actions, he might have been set free. Meursaults unresponsive behavior, distant from any apparent emotions, is probably reinforced by the despair which he sees open and feeling individuals experience. He observes, for example, Raymond cheated on and hurt by a girlfriend, and sees his other neighbor, Salamano, very depressed when he loses a dear companion, his dog. Meursaults responses are very different, he doesnt get depressed at death nor does he get emotionally involved. He appears to be totally apathetic. Thus, he seems to feel no pain and is protected from lifes disappointments. Sometimes a person like Meursault can be appealing to others because he is so non-judgmental and uncritical, probably a result of indifference rather than sympathetic feelings. His limited involvement might attract some people because an end result of his distance is a sort of acceptance of others, thus he is not a threat to their egos. Raymond Sintes, a neighbor who is a pimp, seems to feel comfortable with Meursault. Sintes does not have to justify himself because Meursault doesnt comment on how Sintes makes money or how he chooses to live his life. .u08662fb3f1ed4903dac41fbfbc157aba , .u08662fb3f1ed4903dac41fbfbc157aba .postImageUrl , .u08662fb3f1ed4903dac41fbfbc157aba .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u08662fb3f1ed4903dac41fbfbc157aba , .u08662fb3f1ed4903dac41fbfbc157aba:hover , .u08662fb3f1ed4903dac41fbfbc157aba:visited , .u08662fb3f1ed4903dac41fbfbc157aba:active { border:0!important; } .u08662fb3f1ed4903dac41fbfbc157aba .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u08662fb3f1ed4903dac41fbfbc157aba { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u08662fb3f1ed4903dac41fbfbc157aba:active , .u08662fb3f1ed4903dac41fbfbc157aba:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u08662fb3f1ed4903dac41fbfbc157aba .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u08662fb3f1ed4903dac41fbfbc157aba .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u08662fb3f1ed4903dac41fbfbc157aba .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u08662fb3f1ed4903dac41fbfbc157aba .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u08662fb3f1ed4903dac41fbfbc157aba:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u08662fb3f1ed4903dac41fbfbc157aba .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u08662fb3f1ed4903dac41fbfbc157aba .u08662fb3f1ed4903dac41fbfbc157aba-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u08662fb3f1ed4903dac41fbfbc157aba:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Biology - Genetics Essay Even though Meursault shows no strong emotions or deep affection, Marie, his girlfriend, is still attracted and interested in him. She is aware of, possibly even fascinated by, his indifference. - The Sun as a Symbol/Motif in Albert Camuss The Stranger Camus usage of the sun opposes its warmth and beauty in The Stranger. The sun is a symbol for feelings and emotions, which Monsieur Meursault cannot deal with.

8th Grade History Observation free essay sample

I was very excited about this assignment. I enjoy going into the classroom and being able to observe what is going on and how everyone interacts with each other. I decided to attend a classroom at an expulsion school that has 4th- 12th grade students. Every student has a different story of why they are they at this school, some students made a mistake and want to earn their way back to their school site and some do not care about school and to not try to work towards anything positive. The staff explained that working there is a challenge and takes a special type of person that can adjust to a variety of challenging students and still try to accomplish a positive learning environment. I decided to observe the 8th grade history class for an entire chapter. I wanted to get the full experience from the start of the lesson to testing and see how the whole lesson is presented, delivered and received from start to finish. We will write a custom essay sample on 8th Grade History Observation or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The text book used is United States History: Independence to 1914. I sat in when the students were learning about the Constitution and Bill of Rights. The book seemed difficult for some students to read and comprehend. There was an aide in the classroom at all times. I sat in a class with 31 students in it and 12 of them had an IEP, 504 plan or BSP. The teacher and aide were constantly walking around and helping the students with a diverse set of challenges. Some students I could see clearly could not read the book. The level of reading was considerably lower that what the textbook was. I could see there were students with a 2nd grade reading level trying to read a 8th grade textbook. There was also one student who caught my eye because he had a one on one aide. The first day of class the teacher passes out a page that is front and back. This has a few vocabulary words that are in the text and has sentences from the text with blanks within the sentences. The student is to read through the text and fill in the blanks and define the vocabulary words. Most students are able to complete this task without help. It took them to look in the glossary or dictionary and copy the definition. The student with a one on one aide did not have the skills to find the words alphabetically. He needed assistance finding the words and then was able to copy the words down on the page. The teacher and aide continued to walk around with the class and that kept everyone on task. I thought this was a good idea and the students seemed to know what to do and got right to work. They are allowed to work in a group of two or independently. The students that seemed serious about getting the work done worked independently. The students who worked â€Å"smarter not harder† split to front and back pages and then copied so that they could finish and have free time. The second day of class was for the students to finish their sheet of work. The students that already finished earned free time. I saw this was a distraction for the students who were still working. They were constantly looing at the students that had free time and could not focus on the job they needed to complete. A few students rushed through their work to earn free time. I did not notice anyone checking their completed work. After this class knowing that all the students were finished I asked the teacher if I could see the answer key and review the students work. He gladly granted my request. Out of 30 students, only 5 students did a great job and it showed in their work that they cared about getting a good grade and had little to no incorrect answers. More than half of the students clearly did not care and wrote in bogus answers. The few that were left copied each other’s work and clearly did not care about what was written. The third day of class the students traded papers and corrected their work with the teacher. He went through every question and had them write in the correct answer if they got it wrong. This was the first time I saw interaction between the teacher and the students. There was no conversation about the information and how this may apply to the students today. The correction of the two sided paper took the whole hour period, mainly because the students were uninterested and wasted a lot of time talking. It was almost like the students did not know how to behave when the teacher was in front of the class. After the students were done correcting their work the teacher collected the papers and recorded their grades. The next day, which was day 4 and the 4th hour of instruction on this lesson, the teacher passed out their work with the correct answers and a similar paper that read â€Å"test†. This format was the same as the assignment and had sentences from the text with blanks for the student to write the correct answer completing the sentence. I reviewed the test and see that the answer or black portion for the student to fill in was the question in the assignment. The question in the assignment was the answer or blank portion in the test. The whole concept seemed a little easy for this age and to be honest very boring and redundant. The next day the teacher had the students watch a history movie on the Constitution and Bill of Rights. The movie had more interest to the kids than the assignment that week. I was disappointed with the teaching aspect of this class. The teacher said he feels this â€Å"packet method† gets through the material and is repetitious for the kids to learn the material. I felt the kids were bored and had no desire to read the material. These kids especially strive for attention and most of the times do not have positive interactions with adults. The Constitution and Bill of Rights is a LARGE part of our history and after this week these kids did not have a better understanding or respect for our country and the rights they take for granted. The teacher and the children were not involved with each other at all with exception to correcting the assignment together. There are many things I would do differently. I would first, to get their attention, had out a blank piece of paper and ask them to make their own rights and make their own Constitution. I would have them do this to grab their interest in the lesson. These kids are more interested in what they think and what they want than anything else so I would use that and ask them what they want. I would then let them speak to the class about what they feel like they should have as right and why. This would teach the kids to respect the student speaking and also teach the kids courage to get up and speak in front of a group of their peers without using foul language. I would want to spark up a conversation about right and how important they are to each and every person. After that I would use the study guide the teacher created and read and answer the study guide as a class. I would also relate the lesson to what the students wrote in their own Bill of Rights. This was a great learning experience for me as an aspiring teacher. I would want more interaction within my classroom and my students. The students were very diverse in the aspect of some wanting to work, some not caring about the work, some unable to do work and some tweeners. I think having control of the classroom is the key in this environment. Being in front of the students and showing them you care about this and they should too, this is the philosophy I would do every day in class. I would have very little time in this environment where the student has the option when they are finished they would have free time. The only incentive there is the quicker you finish the quicker you can do whatever you want. I would have different incentives and a more positive environment that the kids could participate in with me, the teacher, the leader and their peers. In this type of school I feel with the curriculum you are also teaching life skills that they have not had the privilege of learning in their home environment. I cannot wait to have my own classroom and see the outcome of constant interaction and having the students give their personality to the lesson and assignments.

The eNotes Blog 20 Homework Tweets That Made UsLOL

20 Homework Tweets That Made UsLOL We couldnt stop laughing at some of the things  our Twitter  team came across, so we decided to compile a list that made us llol (literally laugh out loud) in the hopes that you do too. has tons of resources to help you write your essays and answer  tough homework problems, so you dont have to take all your homework angst to Twitter. You can also  tweet our team anytime here at  @  or @math (for math specific questions)! 1. sneak peek of my Romeo and Juliet essay sneak peek of my Romeo and Juliet essay http://t.co/qFHVVakLl9 alaina (@lainnn_) March 05, 2015   2. ask me how my grapes of wrath essay is going ask me how my grapes of wrath essay is going http://t.co/HzxMYaWehN michaela (@Michaela_wolski) March 04, 2015   3. Holden Cauliflower still trying to finish catcher in the rye essay ughhhhhhh http://t.co/XpDzP5OkgA C A R A (@asvpmuffin) March 12, 2015 4. Whos got homework due in tomorrow? Whos got homework due in tomorrow? http://t.co/0sNwNJayf2 Scrubs Reactions (@ScrubsReaction) March 01, 2015 5. so I can’t do my math homework cause my duck fell asleep on my calculator. so I cant do my math homework cause my duck fell asleep on my calculator. http://t.co/Bu07SckQh6 Baby Animals (@BabyAnimalsPic) March 05, 2015 6. OH MY GOD I wrote this on my essay and forgot to erase it helpppp OH MY GOD I wrote this on my essay and forgot to erase it helpppp http://t.co/cv5aJPEp6N Emily Storc (@EmilyStorc) March 05, 2015 7. Teacher: Wheres your homework? Me: Teacher: Wheres your homework? Me: http://t.co/wrpp1vCzQK Real Talk (@ReaISayingss) March 05, 2015 8. Should I do my homework? Should I do my homework? http://t.co/fNo4lvedlz Girly Nikki (@JensonNavamjx) March 05, 2015 9. When you try to finish your homework as the teacher is collecting it When you try to finish your homework as the teacher is collecting it http://t.co/8ZAedCm4h1 Bart (@helloitsmebart) March 03, 2015 10. Me writing this Hamlet essay Me writing this Hamlet essay http://t.co/nOILrGO7DD Lauren Shepherd (@shepherd_lauren) March 02, 2015 11.  havent done any homework all break havent done any homework all break http://t.co/c9VtiAxnQp a potato (@ImARealPotato) March 09, 2015 12. *writes essay on Hamlet* *writes essay on Hamlet* http://t.co/HvLQGKsWAM Emily Rivard (@MLErivard) February 13, 2015 13. when u accidentally type hamelt instead of hamlet on your ap lit essay when u accidentally type hamelt instead of hamlet on your ap lit essay http://t.co/p9w8eZ2lBe karsyn (@Karsyn15) January 13, 2015 14. When you finally have to do the essay all the homework you procrastinated on When you finally have to do the essay all the homework you procrastinated on http://t.co/a0Xw4GpVuD Mary (@_maryamir) March 12, 2015 15.  so if you can get out the essay you did for homework please so if you can get out the essay you did for homework please... http://t.co/zpmViA6Uqg harriet ashworth (@harriet_madison) March 08, 2015 16. realize you still have an essay to write When you think you finished all your homework but realize you still have an essay to write http://t.co/jlIhcw5p2P Derrick Gallegos (@dgallegos23) January 09, 2015 17.  When you have a research essay draft on Hamlet due tomorrow and you have only 1/4 done When you have a research essay draft on Hamlet due tomorrow and you have only 1/4 done http://t.co/VudoaejOoT He1en Soko1 (@sokolpunch06) March 01, 2015 18. Havent finished my homework Havent finished my homework Havent started packing Havent studied enough Havent eaten Havent finished my essay http://t.co/w5dTIKm1W1 Kelly Cunningham (@kcvnningham) February 20, 2015 19. When you get no math homework When you get no math homework http://t.co/o8DThKldPZ Kylea (@kyleaannclark) March 10, 2015 20. when your teacher assigns a last minute three page essay as youre walking out the door when your teacher assigns a last minute three page essay as youre walking out the door http://t.co/OqQvB0jgTz sneha from speech (@snehaovolove) March 04, 2015

Loss of Imagination and Magic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Loss of Imagination and Magic - Essay Example We arrived at the park just as the gates were being opened. My daughter jumped up and down, her face shining brightly with excitement. It was the last day of summer and the chilly air was already heralding in the beginning of fall. It was surprising to see the crowds that had gathered already, and a certain sense of panic overtook me. I took my daughter’s small, pink hand in mine and held on tight as the park opened and the visitors began to pour in. After purchasing our tickets, we walked into the park. My daughter squealed with delight when she noticed the bright red train that was the Walt Disney World Railroad. This attraction took the visitors all around the park, and it was one of the only attractions that didn’t appear to have a permanent line of people glued to its entrance at all times. My daughter began pulling me toward it. The distant sound of carnival-style music churned through the air, and only a few feet away, I noticed a person dressed as Pluto waving a t the children that passed by. The golden glint of the costume caught my eye, and I started to point this sight out to my daughter, but she was having none of it. All she wanted was to get on that train. It was surprising to see how much determination she had considering everything else that was going on around her. Any other child might be distracted by the overwhelming sights and sounds, but not her. We stood in line with twenty or thirty other people for the better part of a half an hour. Finally, it was our turn, and my daughter’s excitement had proved to be contagious. I knew it was only a train ride, but excitement rose in my chest, blowing up my heart like a balloon when we were finally able to take a seat at the back of the train. Not long after, the train pulled away from its station, and we were off for a jaunt around the park. I attempted to listen to the garbled, tinny voice of the conductor as it blared through the speaker hanging nearby, but it proved to be too much of a headache. Besides, listening to my daughter animatedly point at everything we passed was much more entertaining. In what seemed like no time at all, we ended up back where we started, but by now, my daughter was bursting to go on the other rides she had seen on our tour. With my stomach cramping and grumbling, I knew that I would need some sustenance before going on any more rides, so I took back the reigns and steered us toward the The Crystal Palace which is a buffet style restaurant where diners can eat with their favorite Disney characters like Winnie the Pooh. The smell of scrambled eggs and french toast wafted through the air making me slightly dizzy and sleepy at the exact same time. I grabbed a warm plate from the stack and piled it high with scrambled eggs. My daughter frowned at me slightly when we took a seat at one of the open tables. She was irritated by the dining detour, but she seemed to cheer up when I handed her a bowl full of juicy, green grapes. Her eye s continued to rove around the room, taking in every single sight possible, which gave me just enough time to shovel the eggs into my mouth. When my stomach was sufficiently stuffed, we took off again. There was no mistaking where my five year old daughter wanted to go next: Magic Kingdom. In fact, it was here that we spent the remainder of our day at Disney World. Of course, a

Some historians feel that James VI was a successful king of Scots Essay

Some historians feel that James VI was a successful king of Scots before 1603 but that he sqandered that success after he became king of England. Do you agree - Essay Example His father Henry Stewart but widely known as Lord Darnley. Darnley, he lost his life in a mysterious explosion at his residence. Just seven months after this Mary Queen of Scots was forced to surrender her throne as she was beaten by rebels. Mary went away and James was left alone. James was given the throne of Scotland at the age of fifteen months this is when he became King James VI of Scotland (Harris& McDonald 2006 ). Today, James I of England also known as James VI of Scotland has addressed to Parliament on the divine right of kings. This was very disappointing to Parliament after many conflicts between it and King James. King James made a horrible statement to all religious eyes that kings are a figure like God himself. "Kings are fairly known as Gods, for that they use a manner of likeness of divine power upon this planet." This surprised the listeners as he spoke regarding the similarity of kings and God. This sent awe throughout the square where the speech was made. Many have said that this will send the king straight to hell with no judgment what so ever. The king made some over the edge of the earth similarities between the power of God and the power of kings. This is an exert from his speech showing the similarities: "God has the power to create, or destroy, make, or unmake at his pleasure, to give life, or send death, to judge all, raise low things, and to make high things low at his pleasure, and to God are both soul and body due. And the like power have Kings; they make and unmake their subjects: they have the power of raising and casting down: of life, and of death: judges over all their subjects, and in all causes, and yet accountable to none but God only." (www.thedukeofyork.org/files/pdf/jamesi) This statement surprised a lot of church officials at the time and numerous protesters were there in opposition to the King. One protester held up a sign

Family structural theory Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Family structural theory - Assignment Example Another way to determine if the family is dysfunctional if the family is based on organization and subsystems, this includes interactions between individuals, with assigned roles and expectations (Minuchin1974) From Minuchin perspective, a family is either functional or dysfunctional depending upon its capacity to adapt to numerous stressors which, in turn, rests upon the simplicity and appropriateness of its subsystem boundaries. The way to determine if the family dysfunctional is if the family:- members from brother to sister do not have love to one another which should latter grow into respect to one another; all the family members feeling shamed, slammed, belittled or dismissed when they state what they have in their minds, opinions, wants dreams and desire; It can be determined by how the family members are accountable to one another; if one has made a mistake the and the guilty one doesn’t apologies to the other, failure of allowing reasonable expression of emotions, discouraging siblings to work together (Minuchin1974). From the study we are able to know what is meant by the term dysfunctional family, and how a structural theory can be used to determine a dysfunctional family with the contribution from Minuchin and Gardano. There are various dysfunctional families and this study has given some aspects on how to identify such kind of a family. Silva, E., Tsatskis, Y., Gardano, L., Tapon, N., & McNeill, H. (2006). The Tumor-Suppressor Gene fat Controls Tissue Growth Upstream of Expanded in the Hippo Signaling Pathway. Current biology, 16(21),

Diabetic With Exertional Dyspnea and Anasarca: Case Study

Diabetic With Exertional Dyspnea and Anasarca: Case Study A fifty year old gentleman, a known diabetic and hypertensive presented with exertional dyspnea and fluid overload. He was detected to have renal failure and associated evidence of cardiac disease, cardiorenal syndrome Type 4. He improved with decongestive therapy and conservative management. In view of the presence of microvascular complications of diabetes, he was diagnosed as diabetic nephropathy stage 5 and initiated on maintenance haemodialysis. The approach to diabetics with renal involvement and the issues in their management is discussed. Case summary A fifty year old gentleman a known diabetic and hypertensive for eight years presented with exertional dyspnea of one month duration. Dyspnoea on exertion had been progressively worsening for one month with orthopnea for one day. He complained of cough accompanied with  ½ a cup per day of mucoid non foul smelling, non blood stained sputum for last one month. He complained of swelling feet with worsening of dyspnoea for last four days. No h/o chest pain, PND, syncope, wheeze or fever. He was a chronic smoker (25 pack yrs) and a reformed alcohol consumer 240 gms/day for 15yrs. What would be your analysis of symptoms? The exertional dyspnea is suggestive of cardiovascular system involvement. In a diabetic, hypertensive and chronic smoker, coronary artery disease or hypertensive heart disease would be common possibilities. Cough with wheeze in a smoker could be COPD in exacerbation with cor pulmonale accounting for the exertional dyspnea and swelling feet, however orthopnea, a sign of left sided cardiac involvement would be uncommon. Additionally, the duration of cough is too short to qualify for COPD. Infective causes of cough like tuberculosis need to be excluded although they cannot account for all symptoms. He also complained of decreased urine output and puffiness of face for last four days. There is no history of altered behaviour, haematuria, smoky urine, nocturia, dysuria, hesitancy or precipitancy. Two years ago patient during evaluation prior to surgery for prolapsed disc was found a creatinine of 1.5mg%. Does the differential diagnosis change in the light of the additional information? The complaints of oliguria and puffiness of face suggests renal failure with fluid overload state. It is common for Type 2 diabetics, especially with accompanying hypertension to present with early renal involvement. Therefore, although the duration of diabetes is only eight years, the cause of renal failure could still be diabetic nephropathy. The presence of renal involvement two years ago is a clue to the chronic nature of renal involvement. An acute on chronic renal failure due to respiratory tract infection could account for the sudden worsening over one month. On examination, pulse 84 / min, regular, BP 190/110 mm Hg, respiratory rate 28/min, thoraco abdominal , JVP 8 cm above sternal angle, Facial puffiness, pallor and pitting edema in upper and lower limbs noted. Trophic skin changes in lower limb were present. No asterixis, Icterus, clubbing, cyanosis or lymphadenopathy seen. Respiratory system examination revealed extensive wheeze and coarse crackles. The heart sounds were normal with no pericardial rub. Liver was enlarged, span 15cm,soft, nontender and ascites was not elicitable. Fundoscopy revealed early nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy. Rest of neurological examination was normal. What is your analysis with the given clinical findings? The patient has anasarca with pallor and hypertension. The presence of diabetic retinopathy also suggests microvascular complications have set in. Diabetic nephropathy with fluid overload state can explain most of the signs and symptoms. An associated cardiac disease like coronary artery disease may be present. Diastolic heart failure is common accompaniment that may be contributing the signs of right heart failure. Cardiac asthma can account for the new onset wheeze in a diabetic. Diabetic nephropathy with a possible cardiac pathology, cardiorenal syndrome is the most likely diagnosis. What is cardiorenal syndrome? Cardiorenal syndrome (CRS) is a pathophysiologic entity involving the heart and kidneys where acute or chronic dysfunction of one organ may result in acute or chronic dysfunction of the other. CRS Type 1 reflects an abrupt worsening of cardiac function as is seen in acute cardiogenic shock or in a patient of congestive heart failure who has decompensated leading to acute kidney injury. CRS Type 2 comprises the group of patient with chronic congestive heart failure resulting in progressive chronic renal failure. CRS Type 3 consists of an abrupt worsening of kidney function (e.g., acute renal failure or glomerulonephritis) causing acute cardiac dysfunction (e.g., arrhythmia, ischemia, heart failure). CRS Type 4 refers to a state of chronic kidney disease (e.g., chronic interstitial nephritis, chronic glomerulonephritis) contributing to left ventricular hypertrophy and poor cardiac function. CRS Type 5 reflects a systemic condition like sepsis resulting in simultaneous cardiac and renal dysfunction. Our patient seems to have Cardiorenal syndrome Type 4. The biochemical parameters, ECG and echocardiography will be needed to make a firm diagnosis. Investigations revealed Hb 10.5g/dl, TLC 13300/cumm, DLC P91L7, platelets 2.78lac/cumm, Urine albumin 4+, granular casts+, blood urea 89mg/dL, serum creatinine 5.8mg/dL, serum Na 115mmol/L, serum K 3.1mmol/L, blood sugar fasting 102mg/dL, postprandial 156mg/dL,HbA1C 6.6%, serum bilirubin 0.5mg/dL, calcium 8.4mg/dL, phosphate 3.2mg/dL, iPTH 6.9pg/ml, CKMB 19mg/dL, serum iron 48  µg /dL, serum TIBC 243 µg/dL, transferrin saturation 19.7%, HBsAg negative, Anti HCV Negative, HIV Negative. Ultrasound revealed medical renal Disease with bilateral renal cysts, size of right kidney 8.5 cms left kidney 9.5 cms. Chest radiograph showed cardiomegaly with prominent hilar markings. ECG showed T wave inversion in I, aVL,V4- V6 suggestive of strain pattern and left ventricular hypertrophy by voltage criteria. 2-D ECHO showed concentric LVH, No RWMA, EF 0.65,diastolic dysfunction, trivial TR and no AS/AR. Could this patient have nondiabetic renal disease? Is there an indication for kidney biopsy to confirm renal diagnosis in this patient? In a diabetic with kidney disease, it would be presumed that the proteinuria and azotemia is due to diabetic nephropathy especially if there is associated retinopathy and normal sized kidneys. There is no necessity to perform a kidney biopsy to confirm diabetic nephropathy as it would make no difference in the management. However, a diabetic is also prone to other nondiabetic renal diseases as in the general population that may need histopathological examination and warrant specific therapy. The clues that the renal failure is due to nondiabetic renal disease requiring a biopsy are summarised. Asymmetric kidneys or small sized kidneys are also clues to a nondiabetic renal disease but donot warrant biopsy. Our patient has near normal sized kidneys (right kidney small) with proteinuria and nonproliferative retinopathy, hence there is no requirement to biopsy. Retinopathy is present in 65% of cases of DMType2 with nephropathy, hence absence of retinopathy doesnot rule out nephropathy. Biopsy not indicated when Typical evolution of renal disease Concomitant retinopathy Biopsy should be considered when Renal manifestations are seen atypically (5-8 g/day) persists despite lowering of blood pressure * Only for Type 1 diabetes What are the stages of diabetic nephropathy? What stage is the patient in? The stages of diabetic nephropathy are as summarised in the table. Microalbuminuria is the earliest clinically detectable evidence of onset of nephropathy in a diabetic. About 20-25% of diabetics develop nephropathy in their lifetimes. The time after diagnosis has been validated after followup of Type1 diabetics and doesnot hold true for type 2 diabetics because the the time of onset of diabetes is not clearcut ina given case. It is not uncommon for clinically evident nephropathy to be present when type 2 diabetes is detected. Our patient has established renal failure, hence is in stage 5 diabetic nephropathy. Stage Glomerular filtration Albuminuria Blood pressure Time interval 1 Renal hyperfunction Elevated Absent Normal At diagnosis 2 Clinical latency High normal Absent 3Microalbuminuria Within the normal range 20-200 ÃŽ ¼g/min (30-300 mg/day) Rising within or above the normal range 5-15 years 4 Proteinuria (overt nephropathy) Decreasing 200 ÃŽ ¼g/min (300 mg/day) Increased 10-15 years 5 Renal failure Diminished Massive Increased 15-30 years What is the difference in nephropathy in Type 1 diabetes and type2 diabetes? Type 1 Diabetes with nephropathy Type 2 Diabetes with nephropathy Follows classical stages Hypertension is usually due to renoparenchymal aetiology Retinopathy 90-100 % concordance Non diabetic renal disease rare Less consistent Primary hypertension commoner (metabolic syndrome) Retinopathy 60% concordance Non diabetic renal disease 20-30% Define microalbuminuria. What is the relevance of finding microalbuminuria in a diabetic? Microabuminuria is defined as the presence of 30-300 mg albumin/24 hrs urine collection or 20-200microgm/mt in a timed urine sample in atleast 2/3 samples over 6 months in the absence of fever, infection, physical exercise, uncontrolled blood pressure or sugar, cardiac failure or haematuria. The importance of the finding is that it indicates endothelial dysfunction and is a predictor of diabetic nephropathy in 80% and 40% Type1 and Type2 diabetics. It is also is a predictor of cardiovascular mortality and is strongly associated with insulin resistance and hypertension. In a given patient it is a clue to the clinician to institute aggressive control of blood pressure and hyperglycemia to prevent progression of diabetic nephropathy. The patient was managed with loop diuretics, plain insulin, inhaled bronchodilators, nitroglycerine drip and oxygen therapy. After initial stabilisation, he continued to have raised serum creatinine, hence was initiated on maintenance haemodialysis as a case of diabetic nephropathy with ESRD. What happens to the hyperglycemia with the onset of diabetic nephropathy? What treatment modifications are required to be made for glycemic control? With the onset of nephropathy, the insulin requirement decreases and patient becomes more prone to hypoglycaemia because the half life of insulin is prolonged, renal gluconeogenesis decreases, food intake is decreased, half life of oral hypoglycemics is prolonged, diabetic gastropathy delays gastric emptying and patient frequently vomits food due to uraemia. Infact if a well controlled diabetic develops episodes of unexplained hypoglycaemia, then one needs to look for evidence of nephropathy. Biguanides and long acting sulfonylureas are contraindicated in the presence of renal failure. Glimepride and glipizide may be used if serum creatinine is less than 2mg/dL. With more advanced renal failure, patient should be shifted to insulin therapy. What are the measures that can prevent the progression of diabetic nephropathy? Large randomised control trials like IDNT and RENAAL have provided clear evidence that angiotensin receptor blockers help to prevent progression of diabetic nephropathy. The ADVANCE trial provided similar evidence for angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors. A target blood pressure of 130/80 mmof Hg is recommended for diabetics with proteinuria. Intensive treatment of hyperglycemia with tight blood sugar control has shown to reduce the incidence of micovascular complications including nephropatrhy in multiple studies like DCCT, UKPDS and ADVANCE. Cessation of smoking, avoidance of high protein diet and control of hyperlipidemia also seem to be beneficial. Once overt renal failure has set in then tight blood sugar control may not prevent further progression of nephropathy and the risk of hypoglycaemia increases, hence the physician should use discretion in prescribing antidiabetic therapy. What are the issues in dialysis of patients with diabetic nephropathy? Although diabetics with ESRD are candidates for all renal replacement therapy (RRT) options as nondiabetics, there are many factors that make it challenging to provide RRT in a diabetic. Associated coronary artery disease and diastolic dysfunction, high incidence of fistula failure due to atherosclerosed vessels, heparin (given during haemodialysis) related bleed due to associated retinopathy, decreased osmotic gradient and poor clearance in CAPD, poor tolerance to uraemic symptoms, diabetic cystopathy and gastroparesis, preponderance to low turnover bone disease, higher incidence of infections, autonomic neuropathy, elderly age group of patients with attendant social and logistic issues all contribute to poor survival in diabetics compared to nondiabetics. Final diagnosis Diabetic nephropathy in end stage renal disease with Cardiorenal syndrome Type 4 Commentary Diabetic nephropathy has become the commonest cause of chronic kidney disease in both the western world and developing countries. Classical stages of diabetic nephropathy described in Type 1 diabetics may not be evident in the progression of kidney disease associated with Type 2 diabetics. Measures to prevent progression of diabetic nephropathy should be aggressively instituted. Patients of diabetes Type2 with kidney disease additionally have associated cardiac disease making the management of such patients challenging. Cardiorenal syndromes encountered in various situations have been recently described that have improved our understanding of the complex pathophysiology and may open new avenues of treatment in the future. Take home message Diabetic nephropathy is the commonest cause of ESRD and developing countries are likely to face an epidemic in the next two decades. Cardiorenal syndrome (Types1-5) is a recently described pathophysiological condition that has furthered our understanding of the complex interrelation between heart failure and kidney failure in diverse clinical settings. Why Are Informal Networks Important? Why Are Informal Networks Important? Introduction Informal organizations affect decisions within the formal organization but either, are omitted from the formal scheme or are not consistent with it. They consist of interpersonal relationships that are not mandated by the rules of the formal organization but arise spontaneously in order to satisfy individual members needs Ever since the Hawthorne Studies (Mayo, 1949) and the development of the Human Relations school of thought, there has been a widespread tendency towards adopting a less scientific view of organisations. There has also been a relaxation of the assumption of rational behaviour by employees and behaviour that is strictly in tune with the goals of management and the rest of the organisation. As Mayo states: In every department that continues to operate, the workers have, whether aware of it or not, formed themselves into a group with appropriate customs, duties, routines, even rituals; and management succeeds (or fails) in proportion, as it is accepted without reservation by the group as authority and leader (Mayo, 1949) This indicates that individuals in organisations do not stop being social beings while at work. This in turn relates to the very core of the essential question of how to define an organisation. The underlying assumption in this paper will be that organisations are basically a web of coalitions and that coalition building is an important dimension of all organisational life (Morgan, 1997). In consequence, various approaches have been undertaken in order to try and understand organisations. By mainly focusing on communication as the vehicle of social structures, sociologists have described organisations as structures of social interactions in a specific organisational context or culture (White, 1970). Psychologists relaxed and redefined the assumption of rational behaviour in order to understand and describe the needs of individuals in organisations. This has led to a multitude of ways to describe organisational structures, often through metaphors (Morgan, 1997). There has been a shift in the traditional view of the role of the manager and his or her workday (Mintzberg, 1973). By not relying on the normative division of work into planning, organising, coordinating and controlling, Mintzberg suggested that the workday of a manager was much less structured and based on intuition rather than formal decision making processes. What becomes apparent regardless of the method of analysis of the underlying premise is that no organisation can be described or mapped in a satisfactory manner using just formal organisational methods, let alone be managed on that basis. The Structure of Informal Networks It is important to present the concepts associated with intra-organisational social networks. The optimal terminology to describe the informal organisation depends on the purpose of the analysis. There is no one best way to interpret informal networks (Mintzberg, 1989). Informal networks in organisations are likened with the nervous system of a living organism, whereas the bones represent the formal organisation (Krackhardt and Hanson, 1993). Staying with the analogy of the human body, a superficial comparison can be made between the skeleton and the nervous system, and informal/ formal networks within organisations to help understand the function of these networks. The formal organisation is compared to a skeleton which is a strong and rigid frame and the informal organisation is compared to the nervous system which is fragile yet flexible. The skeleton is visible, whereas the nervous system is an entity with no structure without definite subdivisions. Without determined, close obse rvation, it might be difficult to recognise (Han, 1983). Why do Informal Networks Exist? Informal networks exist in every organisation and are an inevitable function within them. Individuals do not stop being social beings when placed in a formal work setting. When highlighting some of the motives for the creation and maintenance of informal networks within organisations, it is important to distinguish between unconscious and conscious reasons for their existence. Affiliation needs: To satisfy the need for belonging to a group, individuals will tend to join networks of friendship and support. As a result, a part of ones individuality is sacrificed to conform to group norms. Identity and self-esteem: Belonging to a group or informal network can develop, enhance and confirm an individuals sense of identity as a result of the personal interaction. Social needs: Traditional formal networks within organisations often offer little room for emotions, feelings or sharing of personal thought, informal networks serve as an agent for structuring and supporting a shared social reality. By relying on this social reality, individuals can reduce uncertainty and stress. Informal groups also help members to compensate for feeling of dissatisfaction with the formal leader, organization or official communication system (Han, 1983). Defence mechanism: In the face of perceived threat or general uncertainty, group cohesion can act as a defence mechanism to reduce (perceived) uncertainty and strengthen each individuals ability to respond to the threat. Risk reduction: Through diluting blame and aggregating praise, a group of workers perceive risk to a lesser extent than they would as individuals. Thus unconscious efforts of individuals to control the conditions of their existence will lead to the creation of informal groups. In addition, often more practical and very clear unambiguous conscious reasons for the creation and development of informal networks also exist. The need to know: One of the primary characteristics of the informal structure within organisations is their communications network, often referred to as the grapevine. Studies have shown grapevine communication to be both fast and surprisingly accurate (Crampton et al., 1998). And in situations when information is critically needed by an individual to perform the task at hand, the grapevine can prove and efficient vehicle for news and information, thus bypassing the formal channels of communication (Mintzberg, 1973). Politics: One of the more conscious reasons for the use of informal networks within organisations is that employees might choose to use informal channels of communication to influence colleagues or superiors in order to gain an advantage in organisational politics. Politics refers to individual or group behaviour, that is informal, ostensibly parochial, typically divisive, and above all, in the technical sense, illegitimate, sanctioned neither by formal authority, accepted ideology, nor certified expertise (though it may exploit any one of these) (Mintzberg, 1983) What is the Informal Organisation? Chester Bernard, a pioneering management theorist who studying organisational behaviour, in the classic The Functions of the Executive, described the informal organisation as any joint personal activity without conscious joint purpose, even though it contributes to joint results. Thus, the informal relationships established between groups of colleagues going for a drink after work on a Friday may actually help in the achievement of reaching organisational goals (Barnard, 1938). More recently the informal organisation has been described as a network of personal and social relations not established or required by the formal organization but arising spontaneously as people associate with one another (Davis and Newstrom, 1985). Thus, informal relationships do not appear on the organisational chart but do include relationships such as chatting together, having lunch or even getting together outside of work hours to socialise together. Informal Group Dynamics at Work Managers are often not aware that within every organisation there are group pressures that influence and regulate employee behaviour, performance and motivation. Informal groups can form their own code of ethics and an unspoken set of standards in establishing acceptable behaviour. Manager needs to be aware of the power and influence informal groups have and that they will almost inevitably form if the opportunity arises. These groups can have an extremely powerful impact on the achievement of organisational effectiveness. However the influence of these groups can be controlled and resisted if handled efficiently. The impact of informal behaviour within the formal organisational setting depends on the norms that the group adheres to. As this is the case it can be surmised that the informal organisation can make the formal organisation either more or less effective depending on how it is managed and controlled and interacts within a company. References BARNARD, C. I. 1938. The functions of the executive, Cambridge, Harvard university press. CRAMPTON, S. M., HODGE, J. W. MISHRA, J. M. 1998. The Informal Communication Network: Factors Influencing Grapevine Activity. Public Personnel Management. DAVIS, K. NEWSTROM, J. 1985. Human Behavior at Work. New York: Mc Graw Hill. HAN, P. E. 1983. The Informal Organization Youve Got to Live With. Supervisory Management 28. KRACKHARDT, D. HANSON, J. R. 1993. Informal networks : the company behind the chart, Harvard Business Review. MAYO, E. 1949. The social problems of an industrial civilization. Routhledge. MINTZBERG, H. 1973. The nature of managerial work, New York ; London, Harper and Row. MINTZBERG, H. 1983. Power in and around organizations, Englewood Cliffs ; London, Prentice-Hall. MINTZBERG, H. 1989. Mintzberg on management : inside our strange world of organizations, New York London, Free Press ; Collier Macmillan. MORGAN, G. 1997. Images of Organization. Thousand Oaks: CA: Sage Publications. SIMON, H. A. 1976. Administrative Behavior. New York: The Free Press. WHITE, H. C. 1970. Chains of Opportunity: System Models of Mobility in Organizations. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

Negative Effects of High Fructose Corn Syrup on the Human Body Essay

The Negative Effects of High Fructose Corn Syrup on the Human Body Excluding Obesity, Diabetes and Kidney Failure Abstract: This research paper investigates the effects of high fructose corn syrup on the body without discussing obesity and diabetes. While obesity and diabetes are two major consequences of an unhealthy consumption of high fructose corn syrup, they tell only a fraction of the story. Many of the lesser-known effects of high fructose corn syrup are the result of a trickle down effect. When high fructose corn syrup changes the balance of nutrients, it also can lead problems with vitamin and mineral deficiency. The most noticeable effects of high fructose corn syrup include problems with the liver disease, heart failure, minerals, osteoporosis, micronutrients, accelerated aging, and copper deficiency. One of the organs that is most affected by high fructose corn syrup is the liver. High fructose corn syrup is composed of 55 percent fructose and 45 percent glucose. This differs from table sugar which is 50 percent fructose and 50 percent glucose. Researchers have found that high fructose has the same effect on the liver as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. As fructose is absorbed by the second part of the small intestine, the jejunum, the liver has the task of converting the fructose to triglycerides which is easier than converting glucose into triglycerides. Elevated levels of triglycerides lead to an increased risk of heart disease. A study conducted by the University of Minnesota published by the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition in 2000 concluded that "men, but not in women, fructose â€Å"yielded significantly higher blood levels" than did glucose. The researchers found that "diets high in added fructose may b... ...06, from Osteoporosis: A debilitating disease that can be prevented and treated. Web site: http://www.nof.org/osteoporosis/index.htm (2006, July 30). American Heart Association. Retrieved July 30, 2006, from Understanding Heart Failure Web site: http://www.americanheart.org/presenter.jhtml?identifier=1593 Beyer , PL, Caviar, EM, & McCallum, RW Fructose intake at current levels in the United States may cause gastrointestinal distress in normal adults. PubMed, Retrieved July 23, Retrieve&dopt=AbstractPlus&list_uids=16183355&query_hl=2&itool=pubmed_docsum. Sanda, Bill (2004, February 19). The Double Danger of High fructose Corn Syrup. Retrieved July 24, 2006, from The Double Danger of High Fructose Corn Syrup Web site: http://www.westonaprice.org/modernfood/highfructose.html Squires, Sally Sweet but Not So Innocent. (2003, March 11). The Washington Post, p. HE01.